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Egypt

The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in the North Africa, bordering Libya to the west, Sudan to the south and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. The nation is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and by the Red Sea in the east. It is 38th largest country in the world. Capital Cairo is the largest city of Africa. Egypt is one of the most populous nations of Africa and the Middle East.

HISTORY:- The upper and lower Egypt empires were unified in 4000 B.C by King Menes. The following years Egypt was ruled by several kingdoms. The 18th and 19th dynasties were considered to bring in golden age to Egypt. Persia invaded and conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. Alexander the Great conquered the land in 331 B.C. After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt fell to the Roman Empire. The land was captured by the Byzantine Dynasty. Arab caliphs invaded Egypt in 639 A.D and ruled until 1517 when the Ottoman Turks conquered the land. From 1798 to 1801, Egypt was controlled by Napoleon Bonaparte. An Albanian leader Muhammad Ali took over control of Egypt in 1805. After completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt had become a lucrative place for the French and British. Finally Britain occupied the land in 1882. In 1914, Egypt became a British protectorate. In 1919, first revolt for independence broke out and Britain was forced to declare Egypt’s independence in 1922. In 1936, British troop left Egypt, except from the Suez Canal. In 1953, the republic of Egypt was announced with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President. Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew Naguib and declared full independence form Britain in 1956 by nationalizing the Suez Canal.

GEOGRAPHY:- Egypt is located at 27 00 N, 30 00 E in the North Africa, capturing total 1,001,450 sq km (land: 995,450 sq km; water: 6,000 sq km) area on the surface of the earth. The coastline is 2,450 km long bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The lowest point is Qattara Depression (-133 m) and the highest point is Mount Catherine (2,629 m). Egypt is predominantly consists of the vast desert (parts of Sahara Desert and of the Libyan Desert) plateau. The Nile valley and delta constitute the rest of the terrain of the nation.

CLIMATE:- The climate of Egypt is mostly desert and hot with dry summers and temperate winters.

GOVERNMENT:- Egypt is a republic. The constitution was adopted on 11th September 1971 and was amended several times on 22nd May 1980, 25th May 2005, and 26th March 2007. The legal system is based on the Islamic law and civil law. The three major branches are their officials are:

Executive branch comprises the President (chief of state), the Prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. President is elected by popular vote in a six tear term.. Cabinet ministers are appointed by the President.

Legislative branch comprises the bicameral system which is divided into the People's Assembly (454 seats) and the Advisory Council (264 seats).

Judicial branch comprises the Supreme Constitutional Court.

National Democratic Party is the ruling party. Prominent opposition political parties are New Wafd Party, Liberal Party, National Progressive Unionist Grouping and Nasserite Party. Suffrage is universal and compulsory at 18.

President Hosni Mubarak

Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Egypt is a composition of 28 governorates. These governorates are in turn divided into a number of regions.

CULTURE:- Egyptian civilization is one of the earliest civilizations of the world. Egypt is the source of major elements of world art and architecture. Pyramids, colonnades and monumental tombs bear the mark of highly developed technology used in ancient days by the Egyptians. The mummies are perhaps one of the greatest mysteries of the world till today. Egyptian music is a blend of Mediterranean, African and Western elements. Festival of Sham en Nisim is very famous. Football (soccer) is the national sport of Egypt. Squash and tennis are also played.

ECONOMY:- Egyptian economy is mainly dominated by agriculture, media, petroleum exports, and tourism.

GDP/PPP $431.9 billion (2007 est.); per capita $5,400.

Real growth rate: 7.2%.

Inflation: 8.8%.

Unemployment: 10.1%.

Arable land: 3%.

Agriculture: Cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats.

Labor force: 22.5 million (2007); agriculture 32%, industry 17%, services 51% (2001 est.).

Industries: Textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures.

Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc.

Budget:

Revenues: $35.12 billion

Expenditures: $44.86 billion (2007 est.)

Public debt: 105.8% of GDP (2007 est.)

Debt - external: $30.2 billion (30 June 2007)

Exports: $27.42 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals.

Imports: $40.48 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.): machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels.

Major trading partners: Italy, U.S., Syria, Germany, Spain, France, China, UK, Saudi Arabia (2004).

Monetary unit: Egyptian pound

LANGUAGE:- Arabic is the official language of Egypt but English and French are widely understood by the literate classes.

CITIES:- The capital Cairo is the largest city. Other major cities are Alexandria, Aswan, Asyut, Port Said, Suez and Ismailia.

POPULATION:- Egypt is populated by approximately 80,264,543 with a growth rate of 1.7%.

RACE:-

Egyptian 98%

Berber, Nubian, Bedouin, and Beja 1%,

Greek, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%

RELIGION:-

Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%

Coptic 9%

Other Christian 1%

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 22.12 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 28.36 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.85 years

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 700 (2003 est.)

Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 279

UNICEF:- Egypt is polio free. UNICEF provided 25,000 ‘clean delivery kits’ to reduce delivery risks. The Egyptian Ministry of Education, USAID and UNICEF provide clean water, better sanitation and hygiene education to over 300 primary schools. UNICEF with USAID tries to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. UNICEF organized ‘Unite for Children Unite Against AIDS’ campaign to fight against HIV. To prevent female genital mutilation, The Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population encourages training and awareness. UNICEF provides shelter for pregnant girls and young mothers. UNICEF with the help of the government tries to eliminate child labour.

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: total: 5,063 km (2004).

Highways: total: 92,370 km; paved: 74,820 km; unpaved: 17,550 km (2004 est.). Waterways: 3,500 km; (2004).

Ports and harbors: Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Suez, Zeit.

Airports: 88 (2007).

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